Oct 22, · The greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of organic methods is poorly understood. Here, the authors assess the GHG impact of a % shift to organic food production in England and Wales and Organic food production is a self-regulated industry with government oversight in some countries, distinct from private blogger.comtly, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan, and many other countries require producers to obtain special certification based on government-defined standards in order to market food as organic within their borders 1 day ago · Case study about food business. Art essays a level research paper on item analysis. Essay on newspaper in hindi, case study on yamuna river pollution, essays on gender discrimination in the workplace life story essay sample: rubrics sa paggawa ng essay: may 4 sat essay scores one page single spaced essay. Operational definition in a research paper
30 Food Research Paper Topics - ResearchPaperWriter
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, USA.
This review summarises existing evidence on the impact of organic food on human health. It compares organic vs, organic food research paper. conventional food production with respect to parameters important to human health and discusses the potential impact of organic management practices with an emphasis on EU conditions.
Organic organic food research paper consumption may reduce the risk of allergic disease and of overweight and obesity, but the evidence is not conclusive due to likely residual confounding, as consumers of organic food tend to have healthier organic food research paper overall.
However, animal experiments suggest that identically composed feed from organic or conventional production impacts in different ways on growth and development. In organic agriculture, the use of pesticides is restricted, while residues in conventional fruits and vegetables constitute the main source of human pesticide exposures. Differences in the composition between organic and conventional crops are limited, such as a modestly higher content of phenolic compounds in organic fruit and vegetables, organic food research paper, and likely also a lower content of cadmium in organic cereal crops.
Organic dairy products, and perhaps also meats, have a higher content of omega-3 fatty acids compared to conventional products. However, these differences are likely of marginal nutritional significance. Of greater concern is the prevalent use of antibiotics in conventional animal production as a key driver of antibiotic resistance in society; antibiotic use is less intensive in organic production.
Overall, this review emphasises several documented and likely human health benefits associated with organic food production, and application of such production methods is likely to be beneficial within conventional agriculture, e. The long-term goal of developing organic food research paper food systems is considered a high priority by several intergovernmental organisations [ 1 — 3 ].
Different agricultural management systems may have an impact on the sustainability of food systems, as they may affect human health as well as animal wellbeing, food security and environmental sustainability. In this paper, we review the available evidence on links between farming system conventional vs organic and human health.
Food production methods are not always easy to classify. This complexity stems from not only the number and varying forms of conventional and organic agricultural systems but also resulting from the overlap of these systems, organic food research paper. Inover The area organic food research paper organic management fully converted and in-conversion has increased during the last decades in the European Union, where binding standards for organic production have been developed [ 56 ].
In the 28 countries forming the EU today, the fraction of organically cultivated land of total agricultural area has been steadily increasing over the last three decades. In, farms in the EU were active in organic agriculture, a number that increased toin [ 10 ]. This review details the science on the effects of organic food and organic food production on human health and includes, organic food research paper. studies that directly address such effects in epidemiological studies and clinical trials.
animal and in vitro studies that evaluate biological effects of organic compared to conventional feed and food. Focusing on narrower aspects of production, we then discuss the impact of the production system on.
animal feeding regimens, organic food research paper, effects on the composition of animal foods and the relevance for human health. animal health and well-being, the use of antibiotics in animal production, its role in the development of antibiotic resistance, and consequences of antibiotic resistance for public health.
In the discussion, we widen the perspective from production system to food system and sustainable diets and organic food research paper the interplay of agricultural production system and individual food choices.
The consequences of these aspects on public health are briefly discussed. Due to a limited evidence base, minimal importance, lack of a plausible link between production system and health, or due to lack of relevance in the European Union, we do not or only briefly touch upon.
singular food safety events such as outbreaks of diseases that are not clearly caused by the production system hygiene regulations for plant production and for animal slaughtering and processing are for the most part identical for organic and conventional agriculture or fraudulent introduction of organic food research paper feed into the feed market.
historic events and historic sources of exposure, such as the BSE crisis caused by the now-banned practice of feeding cattle with meat and bone meal from cattle, or continuing effects of the historic use of DDT, now banned in all agricultural contexts globally.
the presence of mycotoxins in consequence of post-harvest storage and processing which is governed chiefly by moisture and temperature in storage. the use of growth hormones in animal production, organic food research paper, which is not permitted in the EU but in several other countries. Furthermore, aspects of environmental sustainability, organic food research paper, such as biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions, may also be affected by the agricultural production system [ 1112 ] and may affect organic food research paper health via food security [ 1314 ].
While these indirect links are outside the scope of this review, we briefly touch on them in the discussion. Also, the focus of this article is on public health, not on occupational health of agricultural workers or local residents, although these issues are considered as part of the epidemiological evidence on pesticide effects. While agricultural standards vary between countries and regions, we maintain a global perspective when appropriate and otherwise focus on the European perspective.
We made use of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses when possible, organic food research paper. In some cases, where scientific literature is scarce, we included grey literature e.
from authorities and intergovernmental organisations. We also considered references cited in the sources located. A growing literature is aiming at characterizing individual lifestyles, motivations and dietary patterns in regard to organic food consumption, which is generally defined from responses obtained from food frequency questionnaires [ 15 — 23 ].
Still, current research on the role of organic food consumption in human health is scarce, as compared to other nutritional epidemiology topics. In particular, long-term interventional studies aiming to identify potential links between organic food consumption and health are lacking, mainly due to high costs.
Prospective cohort studies constitute a feasible way of examining such relationships, although compliance assessment is challenging. Considering a lack of biomarkers of exposure, the evaluation of the exposure, i, organic food research paper. organic food consumption, will necessarily be based on self-reported data that may be prone to measurement error.
Some recent reviews have compiled the findings [ 24 — 26 ] from clinical studies addressing the association between consumption of organic food and health. These studies are scant and generally based on very small populations and short durations, thus limiting statistical power and the possibility to identify long-term effects.
Smith-Spangler et al. Among studies of nutrient intakes, the OrgTrace cross-over intervention study of 33 males, the plant-based fraction of the diets was produced in controlled field trials, but 12 days of intervention did not reveal any effect of the production system on the overall intake or bioavailability of zinc and copper, or plasma status of carotenoids [ 2728 ]. In observational studies, a specific challenge is the fact that consumers who regularly buy organic food organic food research paper to choose more vegetables, fruit, wholegrain products and less meat, and tend to have overall healthier dietary patterns [ 1829 ].
Each of these dietary characteristics is associated with a decreased risk for mortality from or organic food research paper of certain chronic diseases [ 30 — 36 ].
Consumers who regularly buy organic food are also more physically active and less likely to smoke [ 181937 ]. Depending on the outcome of interest, associations between organic vs conventional food consumption and health outcome therefore need to be carefully adjusted for differences in dietary quality and lifestyle factors, and the likely presence of residual confounding needs to be considered.
However, organic food consumption is part of a broader lifestyle in most of these studies and associated with other lifestyle factors, organic food research paper. In this cohort, the preference of organic food was associated with a higher content of ruminant fatty acids in breast milk [ 40 ], which in turn was associated with a lower odds ratio for parent-reported eczema until age 2y [ 45 ].
No significant association was observed for overall organic food consumption, or five other food groups, and pre-eclampsia. The first prospective study investigating weight change over time according to the level of organic food consumption included 62, participants of the NutriNet-Santé study. Two separate strategies were chosen to properly adjust for confounders [ 46 ], organic food research paper.
This paper thus confirms earlier cross-sectional analyses from the same study [ 18 ]. In regard to chronic diseases, the number of studies is limited. In the Nutrinet-Santé study, organic food consumers occasional and regularas compared to non-consumers, exhibited a lower incidence of hypertension, organic food research paper, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia in both males and femalesand cardiovascular disease in men [ 47 ] but more frequently declared a history of cancer.
Inherent to cross-sectional studies, organic food research paper, reverse causation cannot be excluded; for example, a cancer diagnosis by itself may lead to positive dietary changes [ 48 ]. Only one prospective cohort study conducted in adults addressed the effect of organic food consumption on cancer incidence. Amongmiddle-aged UK women, organic food research paper, the association between organic food consumption and the risk of cancer was estimated during a follow-up period of 9.
In conclusion, the link between organic food consumption and health remains insufficiently documented in epidemiological studies. Thus, well-designed studies characterized by prospective design, long-term duration and sufficient sample size permitting high statistical power are needed. These must include detailed and accurate data especially for exposure assessment concerning dietary consumption and sources i. conventional or organic. The focus on single plant components in the comparison of crops from organic and conventional production, as discussed further below, disregards the fact that compounds in food do not exist and act separately, but in their natural context [ 49 ].
In vitro studies of effects of entire foods in biological systems such as cell lines can therefore potentially point at effects that cannot be predicted from chemical analyses of foods, although a limitation is that most cells in humans are not in direct contact with food or food extracts. Two studies have investigated the effect of organic and conventional crop cultivation on cancer cell lines, both using crops produced under well-documented agricultural practices and with several agricultural and biological replicates.
In the first study organic food research paper from organically grown strawberries exhibited stronger antiproliferative activity against one colon and one breast cancer cell line, compared to the conventionally produced strawberries [ 50 ]. In the second study [ 51 ] the extracts of organic naturally fermented beetroot juices induced lower levels organic food research paper early apoptosis and higher levels of late apoptosis and necrosis in a gastric cancer cell line, compared to the conventional extracts, organic food research paper.
Both studies thus demonstrated notable differences in the biological activity of organic vs. conventionally produced crop extracts in vitro, which should inspire further research. However, neither of these studies allows for the distinction of a selective antiproliferative effect on cancer cells, and general cell toxicity.
Therefore it cannot be determined which of the organic or conventional food extracts, if any, had the preferable biological activity in terms of human health. Considering the difficulties of performing long-term dietary intervention studies in humans, animal studies offer some potential of studying long-term health effects of foods in vivo.
However, extrapolation of the results from animal studies to humans is not straight-forward. Studies in this field started almost years ago. A review of a large number of studies [ 52 ] concluded that positive effects of organic feed on animal health are possible, but further research is necessary to confirm these findings. Here we focus on the main health aspects.
In one of the best-designed animal studies, the second generation chickens receiving the conventionally grown feed demonstrated a faster growth rate. However, after an immune challenge, chickens receiving organic feed recovered more quickly [ 53 ].
This resistance to the challenge has been interpreted as a sign of better health [ 5455 ]. In one carefully conducted crop production experiment, followed by a rat feeding trial, the production system had an apparent effect on plasma-IgG concentrations but not on other markers of nutritional or immune status [ 56 ].
A two-generational rat study based on feed grown in a factorial design fertilisation x plant protection of organic and conventional practices revealed that the production system had an effect on several physiological, endocrine and immune parameters in the offspring [ 57 ]. Most of the effects identified were related to the fertilisation regimen. None of these studies found that any of the feed production systems was more supportive of animal health.
Several other studies, mostly in rats, have reported some effect of the feed production system on immune system parameters [ 57 — 60 ]. However, the direct relevance of these findings for human health is uncertain. Collectively, in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that the crop production system does have an organic food research paper on certain aspects organic food research paper cell life, the immune system, and overall growth and development, organic food research paper.
However, the direct relevance of these findings for human organic food research paper is unclear. On the other hand, these studies may provide plausibility to potential effects of conventional and organic foods on human health.
TP Organics: Revising the Strategic Research Agenda for Organic Food and Farming (Feb 2014)
, time: 4:49Research paper of organic chemistry pdf
The information on this site is not intended (or implied) to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All content, including text, graphics, images and information, contained on or available through this web site is for general information purposes only and should not be relied on as health or personal advice Organic food production is a self-regulated industry with government oversight in some countries, distinct from private blogger.comtly, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan, and many other countries require producers to obtain special certification based on government-defined standards in order to market food as organic within their borders Oct 22, · “For organic farming to be successful, agribusinesses would have to find the balance between the costs involved and also, its carbon footprint, while taking into consideration the overall need to meet the high demands for food,” said Alexander Ruane, a research physical scientist at NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and an adjunct
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